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Bases.  Bases are proton acceptor. The concept of the hydroxide ion is very important to understand how bases work. How water behaves introduces the hydroxide ion. All bases produce the hydroxide ion. If we were to replace one of the Hydrogen atoms in water (HOH) with a Sodium atom, we would end up with the molecule Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). A molecule of NaOH is shown below. The Hydrogen is sharing an electron with a P orbital of Oxygen. And the Sodium is sharing an electron with a P orbital of Oxygen. If we were to put NaOH in water, the Sodium would separate from the hydroxide ion. The Oxygen really likes having the electron from the Sodium. So if the Sodium decided to leave, there would be a tug of war for the electron. The electronegativity for Oxygen is 3.5. And the electronegativity for Sodium is 0.9. Oxygen is stronger than Sodium. The Oxygen would win the tug of war and keep the electron.  So now the hydroxide ion is floating around in the water by itself. And the Sodium+ is floating around in the water by itself. Adding NaOH to water will turn the pH to basic.

Getting Started-Read Me First

1) Playing The Kids for Chemistry The Game

2) Why does the Buzzer Buzz?

3) Protons, Neutrons and Electrons - What atoms are made of.

4) Learn about S and P Orbits

5) More about S orbits

6) More about P orbits - Three Dimensional Space - The P Orbital Rule

7) 3 Dimensional Picture of S and P orbits

8) Identifying the First 20 Atoms by S and P Orbits

9) Keeping Track of S and P Orbits

10) Energy Levels (2,8,8) and the S and P Orbits   

11) Similarities of atoms in a column

12) Molecules

13) A Closer Look at Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

14) Ions

15) Cations and Anions  (Visit Ions first)

16) Electronegativity

17) Acids

18) How water behaves

19) Bases

20) The pH of Water

21) Changing the pH of a Solution

22) Oxidation and Reduction

23) Summary - Ions, Acids & Bases, Oxidation and Reduction

24) Acids, Bases and Salts

25) Adding Acids and Bases together (Visit Acids, Bases, and Salts First)

26) Organic Nomenclature

27) Multiplying and Dividing Units

28) Molecules in a Mole - Avogadro's Number 6.02x10²³

29) Pounds in a Mole - (Visit Molecules in a Mole First)

30) The Buzzer Experiment

31) Make "Kids for Chemistry The Game" Money

Kids for Chemistry The Game

1) The Hydrogen Atom

2) Hydrogen Gas (H2)

3) The Water Molecule (H20)

4) How water behaves

5) Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

6) A Closer Look at Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

7) Chlorine Gas (Cl2)

8) Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)

9) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

10) Hydroxide Ion (OH-)

11) A Closer Look at the Hydroxide Ion (OH^-)

12) Proton (H+)

Links For Math Products

1) The PI Wheel

2) The CosSin Calculator

3) The Cylinder Calculator